What does TWAMP use as a reference to determine frame delay?

TWAMP, or Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol, employs time-stamping as a critical mechanism to assess frame delay. Time-stamping involves recording the precise moment a frame is sent and received, allowing for a calculated measurement of the round-trip time for the transmission. By comparing the time stamps at various points along the path, TWAMP can accurately quantify delays that might be introduced by network devices or congestion.

The use of time-stamping is particularly effective because it provides a direct measurement of the timing associated with each frame, leading to high accuracy in delay measurement. This precision is essential for network performance monitoring and troubleshooting, enabling network engineers to identify and address issues that could affect service quality.

Other options, while relevant in the context of network protocols, do not directly contribute to the measurement of frame delay in the same way as time-stamping. For instance, frame length can influence performance metrics but doesn't directly measure delay. Similarly, header information provides routing or protocol details but lacks the temporal aspect needed for delay measurement. Packet integrity checks relate to the validation of the frame's content rather than timing, making them irrelevant to the determination of frame delays.